Will our children still know the scent of Cyprus orange blossoms? 

Signs of the most devastating global citrus disease in history have been detected in Cyprus

By Nicolas Netien

The sweet fragrance of orange blossoms that has perfumed Cyprus’ spring air for generations may become just a memory.

This week, as government plant health officers inspected our Akaki citrus grove, they discovered a tiny harbinger of disaster: an insect known to transmit what has become the most devastating citrus disease in history: Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening disease. While the disease itself hasn’t yet been detected in Cyprus, the presence of its vector signals a threat to a cornerstone of our island’s agricultural heritage. 

As an environmental engineer, I’ve watched this disease ravage global citrus production with mounting concern. The bacteria it spreads acts like a tree’s silent assassin, blocking nutrient flow throughout the plant. Leaves develop yellow mottling, fruit becomes bitter and misshapen, and within five to eight years, the tree dies. Despite more than $2 billion spent on research worldwide, scientists have found no cure. 

The numbers are staggering. Florida, once the world’s citrus powerhouse, has lost 90 per cent of its production. From 240 million boxes of oranges in 2004, output crashed to just 44.5 million by 2022. Brazil, the world’s largest producer, lost half its trees despite spraying orchards up to 48 times yearly with pesticides – a desperate measure that has created its own public health crisis. 

The economic impact has been severe. Orange juice prices have doubled in many markets. Fresh citruses are becoming a luxury item. Worldwide losses exceed $30 billion, and the disease continues to spread. 

“You’re the first farmer who’s asked us about the disease,” one officer told me during their inspection. This lack of awareness is alarming, especially since the disease has already reached Spain. Its arrival in Cyprus is now inevitable unless we take dramatic action. 

Our island status could be our salvation. Australia and New Zealand have shown that strict biosecurity measures can protect agricultural industries from devastating diseases. We need similar measures immediately: complete bans on citrus plant material imports, enhanced port and airport inspections, and severe penalties for violations. 

However, these measures can only succeed with comprehensive island-wide implementation. The effectiveness of any quarantine or control strategy depends on coordination across the entire island. Diseases don’t recognise the Green Line, and a fragmented approach to biosecurity would inevitably fail. Technical cooperation between north and south is paramount. 

The European Union’s Green Line Regulation already provides a framework for agricultural cooperation. This framework could be expanded to establish specific protocols for disease prevention and control, similar to successful cross-border agricultural protection programs in other divided regions. 

We must also reject the failed pesticide-heavy approaches used elsewhere and instead adopt biological control methods and habitat diversification strategies that have shown promise in other regions. Research facilities and monitoring programmes should be established on both sides of the island, with shared data and resources maximising our collective capability to detect and respond to threats. 

Most urgently, we need the government to declare an agricultural emergency. A dedicated task force must be created, and resources allocated before it’s too late. The vector insects in our Akaki grove are a warning sign we cannot ignore. 

The citrus trees represent more than just agriculture – they’re part of the Cypriot identity, from the orange groves of Morphou to the lemonia of our grandparents’ gardens. Without immediate action, they could become museum pieces within a decade, like Florida’s abandoned groves.

We have one advantage others didn’t have – time to prepare. But that window is closing rapidly. The choice is simple: act now with decisive measures or watch as a piece of our cultural heritage disappears forever.

The solutions exist – what we need is the will to implement them before Cyprus becomes another cautionary tale in the global spread of this devastating disease. 

Vector of devastating citrus disease found in Cyprus

The discovery of Asian citrus psyllids in Cypriot citrus grove last week signals an imminent threat to Cyprus’ citrus industry. These insects are known vectors of Huanglongbing (HLB), a disease that has devastated citrus production worldwide, causing over $30 billion in losses. 

Key Points: 

• Confirmed sighting of the disease vector in Cyprus
• Disease has no cure despite $2 billion in research
• Already destroyed 90 per cent of Florida’s citrus industry
• Cyprus has limited time window to prepare defences
• Requires urgent island-wide cooperation for prevention

Examples of global impact

North America: 

Florida (USA): 

• Production drop: 240M boxes (2004) to 44.5M (2022)
• 90 per cent of groves affected
• Industry losses: >$15 billion
• Over 75 per cent of citrus workers displaced
• Fresh fruit price increase: 400 per cent

Brazil: 

• 50 per cent tree loss in São Paulo region
• 48 pesticide applications per year
• 35 per cent increase in production costs
• $120 million annual loss in exports
• 100,000 jobs lost in citrus sector

Thailand: 

• 95 per cent of orchards infected
• Traditional citrus varieties nearly extinct
• Shift to disease-tolerant varieties
• 70 per cent reduction in small farm income

South Africa: 

• Disease not yet present
• Strict prevention measures
• $50 million annual prevention cost

Spain: 

• Disease detected in 2022
• Vector established in multiple regions
• €100 million emergency response
• EU quarantine protocols activated

Portugal: 

• Vector present in southern regions
• No disease confirmation yet
• €50 million prevention programme
• Industry-wide monitoring system

Cyprus Context 

Current situation: 

• Vector insects discovered in Akaki region
• Disease not yet detected
• Limited awareness among farmers
• No comprehensive prevention plan in place

Risk factors: 

• Mediterranean climate suitable for vector
• Proximity to affected regions
• Limited biosecurity measures
• Divided jurisdiction complicating control

Agricultural significance: 

• Cultural importance of citrus
• Economic value
• Employment impact
• Export market implications

Required actions 

Immediate measures: 

1. Agricultural emergency declaration
2. Import restrictions on plant material
3. Enhanced port/airport inspections
4. Island-wide monitoring system
5. Farmer education programme

Short-term strategy: 

1. Crossing point cooperation framework
2. Biological control implementation
3. Research facility establishment
4. Training programme development
5. Emergency response protocols

International models: 

• Australia’s biosecurity system
• New Zealand’s prevention protocols
• EU phytosanitary regulations
• Mediterranean cooperation frameworks

Prevention strategy components 

Quarantine measures: 

• Complete ban on citrus plant imports
• Enhanced border controls
• Strict penalties for violations
• Citrus tree free buffer zone establishment around ports and airports

Nicolas Netien is an environmental engineer, specialising in agroecology and permaculture design, based in Cyprus